Local Adenoviral Delivery of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Induces Lymphangiogenesis in the Conjunctiva in Rabbits.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine if conjunctival lymphangiogenesis can be induced using adenoviral delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). METHODS: Seventeen New Zealand white rabbits received a subconjunctival injection containing 3.5 × 107 plaque-forming units of an adenoviral vector containing the gene-encoding VEGF-C (Ad-VEGF-C). The contralateral eye was used for control experiment (the same volume of either saline or an empty vector). After 2 weeks, the animals were examined with trypan blue conjunctival lymphangiography, and the eyes were harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry (podoplanin and CD31). RESULTS: Trypan blue conjunctival lymphangiography revealed significantly more extensive conjunctival vessel network in the Ad-VEGF-C group compared with control: 1.35 ± 0.67 versus 0.28 ± 0.17 vessel length/analysed area (p = <0.0001). This finding was confirmed with immunohistochemistry, where a significant increase in the number of lymphatic vessels was found compared to control; 34 ± 9 per mm2 versus 13 ± 8 per mm2 (p = 0.0019). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in lymphatic cross-sectional area; 32,500 ± 7,900 µm2 per mm2 versus 17,600 ± 9,700 µm2 per mm2 (p = 0.0149). Quantification of blood vessels revealed no significant difference in blood vessel density between Ad-VEGF-C and control; 19 ± 9 per mm2 versus 14 ± 8 per mm2 (p = 0.1971). There was no significant difference in total blood vessel area; 13,200 ± 7,600 µm2 per mm2 versus 7,100 ± 3,000 µm2 per mm2 (p = 0.0715). Eyes treated with an adenoviral vector (VEGF-C or empty vector) responded with a reactive cellular response, predominantly lymphocytes, towards the vector. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the feasibility of inducing conjunctival lymphangiogenesis with a single subconjunctival injection of Ad-VEGF-C. Future studies will explore how this can be used with a therapeutic purpose.

Diagnostic utility of combining PRAME and HMB-45 stains in primary melanocytic tumors.

BACKGROUND: Pathologists face ongoing challenges distinguishing between benign and malignant melanocytic tumors. PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma) has a demonstrated value distinguishing between these types of lesions. However, the sensitivity of single immunohistochemistry is variable. HMB-45 is another valuable marker, but on its own, has a limited ability in setting of primary melanocytic tumors. This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a dual panel combining PRAME and HMB-45 in the assessment of primary melanocytic tumors. METHODS: 259 tumors, of which 141 were benign nevi, 31 dysplastic nevi (either low- or high grade dysplasia), and further 87 malignant melanomas, were retrieved from the department's archives and assessed by two experienced dermatopathologists. New sections were stained with PRAME and HMB-45, respectively. For PRAME, a nuclear, and for HMB-45, a cytoplasmic staining, was considered positive and scored as described in the literature on a scale from 0 to 4+. Only dermal component was assessed on HMB-45 stain. RESULTS: PRAME was diffusely expressed in only 1 benign nevus, with focal expression in further 28 compared to 22 diffusely and 103 focally HMB-45-positive benign nevi. 5 high-grade dysplastic nevi showed diffuse PRAME expression in epidermal component, with varying degree of positivity in adjacent dermal compartment, and further 8 dysplastic nevi showed only focal expression. HMB-45 was diffusely expressed in only 2, with focal expression in 23, and no apparent positivity in remaining 6 dysplastic nevi. In invasive melanoma group, PRAME stained >75 % cells in 64/87 tumors, however, 10/87 melanomas were completely negative. HMB-45 was captured diffusely in 49/87 melanomas, 32 showed patchy expression, and 6 tumors were blank negative. Diffuse 4+ PRAME positivity showed superior sensitivity and specificity of 73,6 % and 96,5 %, respectively, compared to HMB-45, 56,3 % and 86,0 %, respectively. No nevi showed double 4+ positivity, however, the sensitivity for double positivity was only 49,4 %. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the superiority of PRAME over HMB-45 in the differential diagnosis of melanocytic tumors. However, combined staining can significantly increase specificity, rendering a benign diagnosis more unlikely in a double 4+ diffuse positivity setting.

A Multi-Stain Breast Cancer Histological Whole-Slide-Image Data Set from Routine Diagnostics.

The analysis of FFPE tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for the pathologic assessment of surgically resected breast cancer specimens. IHC staining has been broadly adopted into diagnostic guidelines and routine workflows to assess the status of several established biomarkers, including ER, PGR, HER2 and KI67. Biomarker assessment can also be facilitated by computational pathology image analysis methods, which have made numerous substantial advances recently, often based on publicly available whole slide image (WSI) data sets. However, the field is still considerably limited by the sparsity of public data sets. In particular, there are no large, high quality publicly available data sets with WSIs of matching IHC and H&E-stained tissue sections from the same tumour. Here, we publish the currently largest publicly available data set of WSIs of tissue sections from surgical resection specimens from female primary breast cancer patients with matched WSIs of corresponding H&E and IHC-stained tissue, consisting of 4,212 WSIs from 1,153 patients.

Göttingen Minipig is not a Suitable Animal Model for in Vivo Testing of Tissue-Engineered Corneal Endothelial Cell-Carrier Sheets and for Endothelial Keratoplasty.

AIM: To test the feasibility of implanting human anterior lens capsules (HALCs) with porcine corneal endothelial cells (pCEC) in vivo in Göttingen minipigs and at the same time test the suitability of Göttingen minipig as model for endothelial keratoplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell-carrier constructs of decellularized HALC with cultured (pCEC) were created for implementation in vivo. Eight Göttingen minipigs (6 months old) underwent surgery with descemetorhexis or removal of endothelium by scraping and implementation of HALC without (animal 1-4) and with (animal 5-8) pCEC. Follow-up examinations included optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging (1,2 and 3 months) and slit-lamp examination (<1 week as well as 1,2 and 3 months). RESULTS: Intraoperative challenges included difficulties in maintaining an anterior chamber due to soft tissue and vitreous pressure, development of corneal edema and difficulties removing Descemet's membrane because of strong adhesion to stroma. Therefore, descemetorhexis was replaced by mechanical scraping of the endothelium in animal 4-8. HALCs without pCEC were implanted in animal 1-4. Apposition to the back surface was not achieved in animal 1 and 3 because of corneal edema and poor visibility. Animal 5 was sacrificed because of a lens capsule tear. HALCs with pCEC were implanted in animal 6-8. Slit-lamp examination the first week revealed corneal edema in all animals, although mild in animals 4. One-month examination showed retrocorneal membranes with overlying corneal edema in all animals. Histology showed fibrosis in the AC and on the back surface of the cornea, compatible with the clinical diagnosis of retrocorneal membrane. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the minipig is not suitable for corneal transplantation studies in vivo because of intraoperative challenges and development of retrocorneal membrane postoperatively. For in vivo testing of the surgical handling and the therapeutic potential of tissue-engineered endothelial cell-carrier constructs other animal models are required.